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1943 - At the age of 17 graduated and joined first ship,
cruiser HMS Nigeria and later destroyer HMS Whelp. Took part in operations in
the Channel, off Norway,
and then went through the Mediterranean to the Indian
Ocean. For some operations off the Malay Peninsular we were joined
by the carrier USS Saratoga. I came back to England
by troopship in June 1945 and at the end of the war was on Sub Lieutenant's
courses, mainly in the Portsmouth
area. One might call them post graduate courses, the finer points of
navigation, communications, gunnery, torpedo work, submarines and aviation.
On
completion we had to specify which specialisation we wished to take up, I chose
aviation, having wanted to fly since I was about ten. We celebrated VE day at
the Town Hall Square, Portsmouth,
packed with people and a huge bonfire.
HMS OFFA 1945-46
I joined her in the Firth of Forth Sept 1945 and after a
boiler clean we proceeded to Londonderry; the approach
up Loch Foyle is quite tricky, with a couple of S-bends. We then took part in
Operation Deadlight, taking surrendered U-boats out to sea and sinking them -
easier said than done. There were no German personnel present. The weather
throughout the operation was lousy [as might be expected in winter off the
nor-west of Ireland].
The original idea was to have some personnel in the submarine who would lay
scuttling charges, light the blue touchpaper and be
taken off by our motor cutter. The weather fixed that. So we towed each sub,
with the conning tower hatch open, out to the desired area. As the towing speed
was 2 knots we had little or no steerage way for most of each trip and a very
uncomfortable ride. When the first boat was cast off we lay off its beam and
opened fire with our 4.7 inch guns, each mounting firing in turn to give some
competition to the gun crews. It was hit very early and sank. The gunnery
officer was beside himself with glee! The second sub took 5 salvoes to hit and
the third sub was never hit and sank itself - the gunnery officer hid below
decks.
I cannot remember how many we towed out but the excitement wore off
fairly soon. I have read that 221 U-boats were scuttled or destroyed by their
crews and 156 surrendered. HMS Zambesi was another
destroyer occupied in this task and her Sub Lieutenant was Dick Stock,
subsequently on my flying course and then in 802 squadron with me.
We had Christmas alongside in Londonderry,
and another officer and myself were detailed off to
look after the ship while everyone else shot off to their families. We had
quite a good time and an hilarious episode with a WRNS
carol singing group. When the fun at Londonderry was
over we steamed, south about, to the Firth of Forth to pick up some German
destroyers. After the war the Allies had decided that the French did not
qualify for reparations. However, the French kicked up such a fuss that the
arrangement was rescinded and our part was to escort five destroyers to Cherbourg.
These consisted of two "Narvik" class, two
"Maass" class and one T-boat which were
anchored east of the Forth Bridge.
We anchored near the most easterly one and I was sent, in our motor cutter, to
brief the captains of the routine they were to follow. I reached the first
ship's gangway, port side aft and, when arriving on deck, found one German
sailor who guided me to the wardroom where, it so happened, all the officers
were assembled, sitting around three tables.
As soon as I entered every officer leapt to his feet and
stood to attention. As I was only a Sub-Lieutenant this was somewhat startling,
and I tried hard to appear nonchalant and suggested that they be seated. The
Captain remained standing and called me "sir" throughout the
proceedings. I ran through the orders, such as each ship's disposition, speed,
signalling etc. The Captain was somewhat nonplussed when told we would proceed
at 12 knots, I don't think they went anywhere at less than 25. However, we were
back to the old peacetime routine of economical cruising. I asked him what a
framed quotation hung on the bulkhead was about (Nicht argern - nur wundern) and he said that it read "Not asking, just
wondering" and he gave it to me. I understood that it referred to the
Hitler regime and that the Kriegsmarine were not very
pro-Nazi. It was getting dark and the Firth of Forth is a large and lonely
place to be in a small boat with no navigation aids, so I told him to pass on
the instructions to the other Captains and knew that the order would be carried
out efficiently. The wardroom was very spartan with
no homely fittings, soft seating or woodwork and painted grey throughout.
Next morning we sailed to Cherbourg
and led them into harbour, but I cannot remember what sort of reception we got.
The battleship Jean Bart, sister ship to the Richelieu,
was alongside a wharf and still had not been completed. Richelieu
had been manned by Free French matelots during the
latter part of the war and took part in operations with the RN.
This episode aroused my interest in German destroyers and
their war achievements and so I will pen some facts and opinions. At the battle
in the Norwegian fiords, called Narvik afterwards,
the Germans lost ten destroyers. Four could have probably escaped but for the
timidity of their commander by the name of Bey [who
was to make another error later in the war] For some reason [like Dunkirk and
Gallipoli] the action was treated in Germany as heroic and the replacement
ships were called the Zerstorer-Flotille "Narvik" They were much bigger than our ships - 2600
tons against 1900, 38 knots/31, 5.9 inch guns/4.7.
The two we took to the French were Z.25 and Z.31. The
other destroyers were of the Leberecht Maass Class, 2200 tons, 5 inch guns, 30 knots. These ships
were named after German naval officers who lost their lives in the first World War. The two we escorted were Z.5 - Paul Jacobi
and Z.6 - Theodor Riedel. The Torpedoboote was a ship
more on a par with some of our fleet destroyers and Hunt-class escorts, 1200
tons, 4.1 inch guns, 35 knots and 6 or 8 torpedo tubes. We took one down to Cherbourg
and the records show that a total of three were handed over to the French -
T.11, T.20 and T.23. All the ships were crewed by the Kreigsmarine
and some had an RN guard of about half a dozen sailors on board - what they
were supposed to do was a mystery. They were certainly unnecessary as, once
they had surrendered, the vast majority of Germans did what they were told in a
typically German fashion.
Interestingly, most of the destroyers were equipped to
carry mines, 76 in some cases. They carried out major minelaying
operations off the coast of the UK
up to the end of 1940 which sank around 90 ships. British authorities did not
find out until after the war and thought the casualties were being caused by
submarine mining. Up to four destroyers were used in each operation and all laying was done at night which of course is very tricky [the
first operation was OK because some of the UK
navigation buoys were still lit!!]
Engines - The
boiler pressure was very high. Even higher than USN ships.
Higher pressure steam means higher speed but has its drawbacks. Firstly, the
steam pipes and turbine blades have to be strong enough and, secondly heavy
fuel consumption. These ships were plagued with engineering problems, called by
ships staff "rickets", and were often sent back to base by the big
ships due to emptying fuel tanks or engine problems, leaving the
"heavies" without protection.
Hull design - Germany
is not a maritime power and that is borne out by a study of the warships hull
design which had low flat fo'c'sles and no flare in
the bows. This meant they were very "wet" in anything but a flat calm
and pretty useless in northern and western seas. Some ships like the battleship
Scharnhorst had to be modified with what was called an Atlantic bow, putting a
flare on the hull forward and raising the deck. Destroyers were very prone to
rolling and broaching to in a following sea. To assist in stability they were
told not to empty their bunkers below 30%, which of course limited their range
even further. For detailed information see "German Destroyers in WW2”by M
J Whitley, published by Arms and Armour Press. An excellent
read.
After we had escorted the ships to Cherbourg we met with
a vessel from Argentina carrying the remnants of the crew of the pocket
battleship Graf Spee, scuttled off Montevideo, after
an action with three RN cruisers, in December 1939. They must have had a
pleasant war!!!! We escorted the ship to Hamburg
and then proceeded to Brunsbuttel, and the entrance
to the Kiel Canal.
The reason I was in Offa was to gain my Watchkeeping Certificate, which means one is competent to
be in control of a ship whilst at sea. The fact that I did not have one at the
time did not really matter as I was "watch on, watch off” with another
officer from the start. The only qualified officers were the Captain and the Navigator,
neither of whom kept watches, and one other Lieutenant. A watch is four hours
at a time except the dog watches of two hours each. I thoroughly enjoyed sea watchkeeping, especially the Morning Watch from 0400 to
0800. The best part of the day, watching the dawn break and
the sun rise over the ocean.
We used to have some entertainment on the compass
platform in the form of floating mines. These can break adrift in heavy seas of
which there were plenty, mostly in the North Sea. These mines of the moored
type had horns sticking up around the upper surface, if one was hit - Boom!!!
We used to see them occasionally and so you stopped the ship, called the
Captain and then grabbed a .303 service rifle kept handy and blazed away. Two
or three of us firing, yet never had one blow up - disappointing! When the
casing had enough holes in it the mine would sink. At night we just kept our
fingers crossed.
Arriving at Brunsbuttel, the North
Sea end of the Kiel canal,
we picked up a German pilot and steamed up the canal. He must have thought his
end was near when the Captain arrived on the compass platform with a large
pistol and started taking pot shots at whatever he fancied. On arriving at the Kiel
end we were in the Baltic Sea, where we anchored and
settled down for a splendid few weeks.
An incident occurred in June 1945 that clarified the
attitude of the Royal Navy to the defeated Germans. The Flag Officer
Schleswig-Holstein, [or FOSH] Vice Admiral H.T.Baillie-Grohman
took his barge, flying the White Ensign and a Vice Admirals flag, to have a
look at the light cruiser "Leipzig" which had arrived from Norway and
was on her way to Cuxhaven. He went round the cruiser twice. The only attention paid to his flag were rude gestures from some
sailors. The Admiral moved on to conduct some other business and returned to
the cruiser on the way back, with the same result. Extremely cross over the
lack of respect he sent a Royal Marine officer, with a small escort, on board
to deliver written orders to the "Leipzig's"
Captain that at 1000 the next morning, the ships' company was to be fallen in
on the upper deck in No 1 uniforms and officers in swords and medals. There was
to be a Flag Officers guard on the quarterdeck. In addition he moved one of the
RN guard destroyers to anchor abeam of the cruiser with guns and torpedo tubes
trained on her. The Admiral returned in his barge and circled the ship several
times while its crew stood to attention and saluted the Ensign each time he
passed. If his orders had not been obeyed he had intended to send Royal Marine
Commandos on board to arrest the Captain. There was never any more trouble from
any German service personnel in the area. after that.
I am indebted to Michael Nash, of Marine & Cannon Books for giving me the
details. We had naturally heard of the event but not the full facts.
We were allocated an R-boat, a smaller version of the
famous torpedo E-boats which used to tangle with our MTBs
on a regular basis. R-boats were used for escort work, inshore mine laying and
general duties. Ours was for our use solely. I went on board and had a look around,
one could have eaten off the engine room deck, and the boat was truly
"shipshape and Bristol
fashion". Very interesting twin diesel engines - no
clutch or reverse lever. They approached the jetty or whatever, and when
the right moment came engines were stopped and then started in reverse to bring
the boat to a halt. This was done by turning a wheel on the end of the
camshafts. Later I was given a ride and demo and the crew took great delight in
demonstrating their prowess. The approach was done at high speed and with a
great churning of water and dipping of bows as the engines went astern, we came to a halt a foot off Offa's gangway.
While in Kiel
the ship was painted from stem to stern by a team of German sailors brought out
every day. Jolly Jack took to leaning against a stanchion and supervising while
the Germans did the work. Our sailors were horrified to discover that the
Germans reported every time they finished a job, so they could get another. Not
in the great British tradition! They were happy because they got a good midday meal every day, in contrast to those
ashore who were half starved. The only locals I felt sorry for were the
children and some lucky children of "our" Germans got most of the
ships "nutty" ration {chocolate] Wherever
one went Germans still in uniform clicked heels and saluted, including four
ring captains. The adage "Germans are either at your feet or at your
throat" appeared to apply.
In conversation with English speaking Germans, three
items were always brought up. [1] Nobody had been a Nazi. [2] The war had been
started by British and American big business. [3] Concentration camps did not
exist, it was Western propaganda. When I was based in Germany
in 1950, at RAF Wunstorf, the message was exactly the
same.
The tradition in the RN of Sunday night cinema in the
wardroom was very popular because small ships only had one projector. We
regularly entertained officers from the occupation army and there would a few
duty free drinks and then dinner with a bit of port passing followed by the
film. At the end of each reel the lights went up for the reel change. This was
an ideal moment for recharging glasses, the "pongos" were most impressed with this procedure. As
the word got around we had to introduce mid-week shows. This period in my Navy
life was the only time when we had no wine bills. All the grog had been looted
from the French by the Germans and we confiscated it from them. We used to have
a couple of glasses of champagne every breakfast, to start the day. There were
many return favours from the soldiery, including driving a tank round the
streets, with scant regard for obstacles, and using German cavalry horses to
gallop round the racecourse.
We also had two motor cars with drivers, and a BMW
motorcycle with sidecar [fitted with reverse gear]. A trip to Hamburg
was instructive - acres and acres of rubble. Our attitude was that the Germans
deserved what they got, we remembered Coventry,
London, Warsaw
and hundreds of other cities in Europe devastated by
their war machine. Hamburg had
50,000 casualties, more than all the civilians killed in Britain
throughout the war. Hitler refused to go to the city and even refused to see a
party of local firefighters. Do not listen to the
"do gooders" who say the bombing of Dresden
was a crime. There were many factories and a big railway marshalling yard. 24
troop trains a day were passing through on the way to the Russian front, at
that late stage of the war.
The main currency during our stay was cigarettes. Apart
from standard brands one could purchase from the mess or canteen, we were
issued with Navy Blue Line cigarettes which cost sixpence for twenty. Ashore
one could get several pounds sterling in German marks, for a packet of twenty.
They were also used for barter. It seemed strange that people who were living a
pretty basic existence should be desperate for a smoke rather than something to
eat. However, in a lot of cases cigarettes were exactly that - currency - and passed
from person to person. It reminds me that, many years later, I paid for
something in Hong Kong with an English cheque which
never came back through my bank. I found out that some cheques were circulated
as currency [I did not complain!!!]
The Royal Kiel Yacht Club had been commandeered as an
officers club and we used to, of an evening, have a five course meal, with
wine, and excellent cabaret and figured it had cost us a fag end each. Many of
the occupying forces dealt in the black market in a big way, the Americans led
the way in this. I was told that the Americans had driven tanks over all the
stock at the Leica factory to avoid Kodak being
ruined. I ended up with a nice Rolleicord reflex camera,
in a thick leather case [twenty cigarettes] and a German naval officers dirk
and sailors heavy leather, high collar, lined, grey jacket which I used for
many years when wildfowling. It was said that a few Mercedes cars travelled to England
on the iron decks of destroyers. Two or three German navy yachts were
confiscated, taken to England,
and handed over to the Royal Naval Sailing Association, they lasted some years.
I did a bit of single handed sailing in our 27 foot whaler, but gave it up when
the spray started freezing when it hit the gunwhales.
The photographs of the Admiral Hipper were taken from the whaler.
There was a Russian destroyer in harbour looking after
their interests and their senior officer Vice Admiral Raal
was asked to come on board for an inspection. As I had been through the naval
college I was lumbered for guard officer duty. We subsequently visited the
Russian for dinner, from memory a fairly rugged evening. They sailed a convoy
of reparation ships one day, against the weather expert’s advice and we were
called out to render aid when most of them were blown ashore. As the swept
channel was only one cable [200 yards] wide we could do nothing. Incidentally
the Kreigsmarine minesweepers were never disbanded at
the end of the war, they carried on minesweeping, under the supervision of the
RN.
All good things come to an end and one night in April
1946 we weighed anchor and entered the Kiel canal
in a snowstorm. The canal had "street" lights down both sides and
during the time I was on watch they all went out. Astern both engines, stop the
ship, wake the Captain and turn the hands out to secure alongside until
daylight.
After leaving the canal we headed for home and HMS Offa
was put into reserve at Devonport having served the Country since October 1941,
mainly on Russian and Atlantic convoys. She was sold to Pakistan
in 1949 and renamed the "Tariq". She returned to the UK
in 1959 and was broken up.
I had a change in my life style by learning to fly in the
Fleet Air Arm.
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