1 9 4 1

 

August

                19th        Commissioned for trials

 

September

                4th          Contractor’s Sea Trials.

 

October                  Completion of Sea Trials and outstanding builder’s work.

                                (Note: Low forward sheer found to cause excessive flooding even in moderate sea conditions.)

 

November

                4th          Build completion and acceptance into service. Passage to Scapa Flow to work-up with Home

                                Fleet. Main body of ship’s company joined at Scapa Flow.

                                Commenced Work-up.

 

December              Work-up in continuation.

                10th        Took passage to Clyde to embark Prime Minister and Defence Staff.

                                Ordered to return to rejoin Home Fleet after loss of HMS PRINCE OF WALES and HMS

                                REPULSE in case of any enemy attempt to pass warships into the Atlantic.

                11th        Admiralty rescinded order and took passage from Scapa Flow again.

                13th        Embarked Prime Minister and Defence Staff at Greenock for passage to USA for "ARCADIA"

                                conference with US President and other officials.

                                (Note: The outcome from ARCADIA was the promulgation of the United Nations Charter and

                                the establishment of a Joint Anglo-American Chiefs of Staff.)

                14th        Passage via SW Approaches in adverse weather conditions.

                15th        Destroyer escort was detached in view of need to maintain speed in rough weather.

                22nd       Arrived at Norfolk, Va and passengers disembarked.

                                (Note: Ship was re-routed during passage to avoid U-Boat positions determined by ENIGMA

                                decrypts. See HITLER’S U-BOAT WAR, Volume 1 by C Blair.)

 

1 9 4 2

 

January                  Passage to Bermuda for shakedown cruise and exercises in West Indies area.

                14th        Deployed at Bermuda to await arrival of Prime Minister and Defence Staff for return passage to

                                UK

.                               Sailed from Bermuda for Scapa Flow when it was known that the passengers were to travel by

                                aircraft.

                21st         Arrived at Scapa Flow to resume work-up.

 

February                Deployed in Home waters.

                                (Note: During this period Home Fleet units including HMS KING GEORGE V were sent to

                                Iceland to counter anticipated move of German units to attack Atlantic shipping.

                                An air attack on Tromso was also carried out by HMS VICTORIOUS).

                28th        Passage to Hvalfjord to provide cover for passage of convoys to and from North Russia and

                                for interception duties.

 

March

                3rd          Sailed from Hvalfjord to provide cover for Russian Convoy PQ12 and the return convoy QP8

                                with HM Battlecruiser RENOWN, HM Cruiser KENYA and screen of six destroyers.

                6th          Met HM Battleship KING GEORGE V, HM Aircraft Carrier VICTORIOUS, HM Cruiser

                                BERWICK and destroyer screen to form larger covering force to meet threat of attack by

                                surface ships.

                                (For details of all Russian Convoy operations with all ships recorded see CONVOYS TO

                                RUSSIA by RA Ruegg, CONVOY! by P Kemp, ARCTIC CONVOYS by R Woodman and

                                THE RUSSIAN CONVOYS by B Schoefield)

                22nd       Deployed to provide Distant Cover for transit of Russian Convoy PQ13 and return Convoy QP9

                                with HMS KING GEORGE V, HMS RENOWN, HMS VICTORIOUS, HM Cruisers

                                EDINBURGH and KENT with screen of 16 destroyers.

                                (Note: This convoy had been given additional cover in view of the possible deployment of

                                German battleship TIRPITZ as well as ADMIRAL HIPPER and ADMIRAL SCHEER

                                in Norwegian waters.)

 

April                       Returned to Scapa Flow after arrival of QP9 at Reykjavik.

                10th        Deployed with HMS KING GEORGE V, HMS VICTORIOUS, HM Cruisers NIGERIA and

KENT screened by 12 destroyers to provide Distant Cover for transit of Russian Convoys PQ14

                                to Murmansk and QP10 to Iceland.

                                Returned to Scapa Flow on release from Distant Cover duties.

 

May                        Remained at Scapa Flow when Home Fleet major units were providing cover for passage of

                                Convoys PQ12 and returning QP10.

                2nd         Passage to join Distant Covering Force for PQ15/QP11 to replace HMS KING GEORGE V

                                which had been seriously damaged on 1st May after a collision with HM Destroyer PUNJABI.

                                (For details see KGV Class Battleships by VE Tarrant.)

                5th          Flag of CinC Home Fleet transferred from KGV.

Joined US battleship USS WASHINGTON, HMS VICTORIOUS, HMS KENYA, US cruisers

                                TUSCALOOSA and WICHITA screened by 11 RN and 4 US Navy destroyers to provide

                                Distant Cover for transit of Convoys PQ15 and returning QP11.

                                Flag of CinC transferred to ship.

                13th        Remained in northern waters to continue covering duty with HM Cruisers KENT,

                                LIVERPOOL, LONDON, NIGERIA, NORFOLK and HMS VICTORIOUS for return passage

                                of HM Cruiser TRINIDAD after repair at Murmansk.

                                (Note: HMS TRINIDAD had been damaged by a malfunction of one of her own torpedoes

                                whilst in action against German destroyers seeking to attack Convoy PQ13 in March

                                1942. See THE SHIP THAT TORPEDOED HERSELF by F Pearce.)

                14th        Took passage to Scapa Flow with covering force after HMS TRINIDAD had to abandoned and

                                sunk due to major damage in air attacks

                23rd        Deployed with USS WASHINGTON, HMS VICTORIOUS, HM Cruisers LONDON and USS

                                WICHITA screened by 9 RN and 4 USN destroyers to provide Distant Cover for transit of

                                Convoys PQ16 and QP12.

 

June                        Passage to Scapa Flow on release from covering duty. Prepared for Royal Visit to Home Fleet

                                at Scapa Flow.

                                Present during visit of HM King George VI who met commanding officers of RN and USN

                                ships on board.

                                Passage from Scapa Flow with HMS VICTORIOUS, USS WASHINGTON, HM Cruisers

                                CUMBERLAND, NIGERIA and screen of ten RN and two USN destroyers to provide Distant

                                Cover for transit of Convoy PQ17 and return QP13.

 

July

                4th          When PQ17 ordered to scatter by Admiralty because of the perceived imminent threat of

                                attack by heavy German warships, ships of Home Fleet were 350 miles east of PQ17 and

                                took no part in the disastrous sequence of events. (See: THE CONVOY IS TO SCATTER by

                                J Broome, ENGAGE THE ENEMY MORE CLOSELY by C Barnett and Naval Staff

                                History.)

                8th          Flag of CinC Home Fleet returned to HMS KING GEORGE V

 

August                  Deployed at Scapa Flow. Took passage to Hvalfjord for interception duties.

 

September             Deployed at Hvalfjord.

                9th          Passage to Akureyri with HM Battleship ANSON for cover of relief of garrison at

                                Spitzbergen (Operation GEARBOX Series) and transit of Convoy PQ18 and returning QP14.

                11th        Deployed with HM Battleship ANSON, HM Cruiser JAMAICA, HM Destroyers

                                BRAMHAM, KEPPEL, MACKAY and MONTROSE for Distant Cover duty.

                14th        Returned to Iceland.

                                (Note: Further sailings to Kola Inlet were suspended until December because of transfer of

                                Home Fleet units for support of allied landings in North Africa Operation TORCH).

.                               Passage to Scapa Flow.

                29th        Captain George Creasy relieved Captain Harcourt on his promotion to Rear Admiral

 

October                  Nominated for support of Allied landings in North Africa.

                30th        Sailed from Scapa Flow to Gibraltar with HMS NELSON, HMS RODNEY,

                                HM Battlecruiser RENOWN, HM Aircraft Carriers VICTORIOUS, FORMIDABLE and

                                FURIOUS, HM Cruisers ARGONAUT, BERMUDA and SIRIUS screened by 17

                                destroyers from Home Fleet.

 

November

                5th          Deployed at Gibraltar for service with ships of Force H.

                6th          Sailed for patrol between Algiers and Bougie after refuelling.

                8th          Provided cover for landings with HMS RENOWN and HMS RODNEY and carried out

                                patrol to intercept any Vichy French or Italian surface ships attempting to interfere with

                                TORCH landings.

                                (For details see ENGAGE THE ENEMY MORE CLOSELY and Naval Staff History.)

                9th          Patrol deployment in continuation with air cover from HMS VICTORIOUS and under air

                                attacks.

                10th        Under threat of U-Boat attack.

                                (Note: HM Destroyer MARTIN was sunk in the area.)

                14th        Returned to Gibraltar from patrol to refuel.

                15th        On release from Force H took return passage with HMS VICTORIOUS and destroyer

                                screen to resume Home Fleet duties at Scapa Flow.

                20th        Deployed at Scapa Flow with HM Battleships KING GEORGE V, ANSON and HOWE

                                for interception duties.

 

December              Nominated for refit and took passage to Rosyth.

                                Taken in hand for refit by HM Dockyard.

 

1 9 4 3

 

January to February                

                                Under refit

 

March                    On completion of post refit trials resumed Home Fleet duties at Scapa Flow.

                                Attended HM King George VI visit to the Home Fleet at Scapa Flow

 

April                       Deployed at Scapa Flow.

 

May

                14th        Flag of CinC Home Fleet transferred from KGV

                                (Note: HMS KING GEORGE V and HOWE were transferred to the Mediterranean for

                                support of planned allied landings in Sicily. In view of the threat posed by German

                                warships based in Norway US Battleships USS SOUTH DAKOTA and ALABAMA

                                were made available for detached service with Home Fleet.)

 

June                        Flagship deployment at Scapa Flow in continuation.

                                (Note: Admiral Sir Bruce Fraser replaced Admiral Tovey as CinC.)

                8th          US warships arrived at Scapa Flow.

                9th          Deployed with HMS ANSON, USS SOUTH DAKOTA and USS ALABAMA to

                                provide Distant Cover during relief of Spitzbergen by HM Cruisers CUMBERLAND,

                                BERMUDA and supply convoy.

                10th        Under threat of U-Boat attack

                13th        Returned to Scapa Flow. Passage to Glasgow for visit by new CinC.

                                (Note: Replacement of Type 271M by prototype of new Type 272 to be confirmed.

                                This equipment is recorded as being used during North Cape battle.)

 

July

                7th          Deployed with HM Battleships ANSON and MALAYA, USS ALABAMA and USS

                                SOUTH DAKOTA, HMS FURIOUS and seven cruisers screened by eight RN and five

                                USN destroyers for diversionary operation off Norwegian coast.

                                (Operation CAMERA – Convoy of miscellaneous ships was deployed to represent a

                                possible assault force on passage to Norway during the planned landings in Sicily.)

                9th          On completion of simulated approaches to coast took passage to return to Scapa Flow.

                27th        Deployed with HM Aircraft Carriers ILLUSTRIOUS and UNICORN during air

                                operations as part of further diversionary operation off Norway (Operation GOVERNOR).

                29th        Return passage to Scapa Flow

                                (Note: Neither diversionary operation met concentrated air attacks since German

                                aircraft based in Norway had been used to reinforce defence against allied

                                operations in the Mediterranean.)

 

August                  Home Fleet Flagship deployment in continuation at Scapa Flow.

                1st           US warships left Home Fleet.

                11th        HM King George VI on board during Royal visit to Home Fleet at Scapa Flow.

                14th        Took part in demonstrations for HM King by ships of Home Fleet.

 

September             Home Fleet Flagship deployment in continuation.

                8th          Sailed from Scapa Flow with HMS ANSON and five destroyer screen after reports of

                                bombardment by German warships TIRPITZ and SCHARNHORST at Spitzbergen.

                9th          Returned to Scapa Flow when German warships had returned to Altenfjord.

 

October                  Flagship deployment in continuation at Scapa Flow.

                2nd         Deployed with HMS ANSON, US Cruiser USS TUSCALOOSA to provide cover for

                                air operations by US Aircraft Carrier RANGER against Norwegian port of Bodo

                                (Operation LEADER).

                6th          Returned to Scapa Flow.

 

November              Flagship deployment at Scapa Flow in continuation.

                                Captain B Schoefield assumed command.

(Note: Captain Schoefield relieved by Captain the Honourable Guy Russell after three

                                weeks for compassionate reasons.)

 

December

                14th        Deployed with HM Cruiser JAMAICA screened by HM Destroyers SAVAGE,

                                SCORPION, SAUMAREZ and Norwegian STORD to provide Distant Cover for

                                transit of Russian Convoy JW55A and return RA55

                16th        Arrived at Murmansk with HMS JAMAICA for official visit to the Russian Admiral

                                Arseni Golovko commanding Northern Fleet.

                                (Note: This was the first visit made by a British battleship to Murmansk.)

                18th        Sailed from Murmansk for Akureyri.

                21st         Arrived at Akueyri and refuelled.

                22nd       Meeting on board with commanding officers to discuss planned tactics in the event of

                                action against German SCHARNHORST in defence of Convoy JW55B which had

                                left Loch Ewe on 20th for passage to Kola Inlet.

                23rd        Sailed with HMS JAMAICA, HMS SAVAGE, HMS SCORPION, SAUMAREZ and

                                Norwegian STORD as Force 2.

                24th        Exercised planned tactics at sea during passage to protect JW55

                25th        SCHARNHORST reported on passage to attack JW55B.

                26th        Engaged SCHARNHORST with HM Cruisers BELFAST, NORFOLK and

                                SHEFFIELD of Force 1 and ships of Force 2.

                                (For full details of the Battle of North Cape see KGV CLASS BATTLESHIPS by

                                VE Tarrant, DEATH OF THE SCHARNHORST by J Winton, and Naval Staff

                                History)

                                SCHARNHORST sank at 1945 after extensive gun and torpedo hits in position

                                72.16N 28.41E with a loss of 1,767 men. Only 36 survived and were rescued by

                                HMS SCORPION and HMS MATCHLESS.

                                (Note: Defects made evident in both HMS PRINCE OF WALES and in HMS KING

                                GEORGE V during the May 1941 BISMARCK action deprived the ship of

                                maximum offensive capability. See references)

                27th        Arrived at Kola Inlet to refuel and visited by Soviet officers who made a presentation

                                of a fur coat and hat (of questionable quality!)

                                Embarked German survivors.

                28th        Took passage to Scapa Flow.

                31st         Arrived at Scapa Flow to tumultuous welcome by ships of Home Fleet.

 

1 9 4 4

 

January

                1st           Christmas Day Routine.

                16th        Under repair at Rosyth by HM Dockyard.

                                (Note: The majority of damage had been caused by Blast effects of the armament and

                                weather on structure. See references.)

 

February                Resumed Home Fleet Flagship duties on completion of repair work.

 

March

                30th        Deployed with HMS ANSON, HMS VICTORIOUS, HM Escort Carriers

                                EMPEROR, SEARCHER PURSUER and FENCER, HM Cruisers JAMAICA,

                                SHEFFIELD, ROYALIST and BELFAST with 14 destroyers of Home Fleet as

                                screen to provide distant cover for passage of Russian Convoy's JW58 return RA58

                                together with air attacks on German battleship TIRPITZ in Altenfjord, Norway.

 

April

                3rd          Provided cover during air strikes.

                                (Note: Hits by BARRACUDA aircraft caused significant damage to structure and

                                upper deck equipment of enemy ship but no bombs penetrated armoured belt.

                                See CONVOY! by P Kemp.)

                4th          Further air operations cancelled due to weather and took passage to Scapa Flow.

                6th          Arrived at Scapa Flow.

                                (Note: Did not take part in cover during further air attacks on 26th

                                (Operation PLANET) ).

 

May                        Fleet Flagship duties at Scapa Flow in continuation.

                6th          General Montgomery visited ship.

                10th        Present during visit to Home Fleet by HM King George VI who visited ship.

 

June                        Deployed at Scapa Flow.

                16th        Admiral Fraser succeeded by Admiral Moore as CinC Home Fleet.

                                (Note: The departure of HMS ANSON for refit left this ship as the only modern

                                battleship in commission in Home Waters.

 

July                         Flagship deployment at Scapa Flow in continuation.

                14th        Sailed from Scapa Flow with HM Aircraft Carriers INDEFATIGABLE

                                FORMIDABLE, FURIOUS to carry out fourth series of air attacks on TIRPITZ ,

                                (Operation MASCOT – See above reference.)

                17th        Air attacks carried out unobserved due to smoke screen and fog.

                                Passage to Scapa Flow with ships of Force.

 

August                  Nominated for service as Flagship, British Pacific Fleet after refit.

                                Flagship duties at Scapa Flow in continuation.

                18th        Sailed from Scapa Flow for last Home Fleet operation and final RN air attacks on

                                TIRPITZ (Operation GOODWOOD)

                                (Note: This Home Fleet deployment was coincident with transit of Russian

                                Convoy JW59 and returning RA59)

                                Deployed with HMS INDEFATIGABLE, FORMIDABLE, FURIOUS, HM Escort

                                Carriers NABOB, TRUMPETER, HM Cruisers BERWICK and DEVONSHIRE

                                screened by 14 Home Fleet destroyers and provided with anti-submarine

                                protection by frigates of 20th Escort Group from Western Approaches Command.

                20th        Air attacks postponed because of weather conditions.

                22nd to 29th    

                                Air attacks commenced

                                 (Note: These were not successful and only two hits reported

.                               During U-Boat attacks HMS NABOB was hit and sustained damage which

                                was never repaired on return to UK.

                                (Note: Lack of success resulted in use of RAF bombers for future attacks.)

 

September             Returned to Scapa Flow with Fleet units. Captain AD Nicholl assumed command.

                                Visited by HM King George VI at Scapa Flow prior to Paying-off.

                                Passage to Liverpool for refit by Cammell Laird at Gladstone Dock, Liverpool

                                Paid off and taken in hand for refit.

 

October to December                

                               Under refit. Work done included:

                               Aircraft Warning Radar Type 281 replaced by 281B which needed only

                               one mast for its aerial.

                                Surface Warning Radar Type 273 Prototype replaced by 293 and Type

                                277 which had a height finding capability for aircraft.

                                New radar display equipment fitted for these outfits.

                                Forward Main armament Fire-control Radar Type 284 replaced by

                                Type 274 and second Type 274 fitted aft for control of “Y” mounting.

                                Barrage control radar equipment was also fitted and additional Type 282

                                Radar for new close range weapons aft.

                                Aircraft facilities were removed and additional close AA weapons added.

 

1 9 4 5

 

January to February               

                               Under refit.

                               Re-commissioned for service in Pacific Fleet.

                               Commanding Officer Captain D Nicoll.

 

March                    Completion of shipyard work and harbour trials.                          

                27th        Visited by HM King George VI and HM Queen Elizabeth at Liverpool.

 

April                       Post Refit sea trials and shakedown.

                5th          Passage to Scapa Flow.

                25th        Sailed from Scapa Flow with HMS ANSON to join BPF as Flagship.

 

May                        Carried out exercises and trials in Mediterranean.

                2nd         Arrived in Malta

                3rd          Under repair by HM Dockyard for major electrical defect.

                27th        Carried out gunnery firings off Mersa Matruh during work-up after repair work.

                28th        Suez Canal transit.

 

June                        Passage in Red Sea and Indian Ocean.

                8th          At Colombo

                19th        Crossing the Line ceremonials.

                24th        Arrived at Fremantle.

                26th        Visited Albany, Western Australia..

 

July

                1st           Arrived at Sydney to prepare for service with US Fleet as part of Task Force 37 for

                                operations off Japan under overall US Command.

                4th          Entertained US visitors at reception on Independence Day.

                11th        HRH The Duke of Gloucester, Governor General of Australia visited ship.

                31st         Sailed from Sydney for Forward Base at Manus, Admiralty Is. escorted by

                                HM Destroyers WAGER and WHELP.

 

August

                3rd          Arrived at Manus.

                6th          Flag of Admiral Fraser, CinC BPF hoisted at Manus.

                7th          Took Passage to Guam for meetings with staff of US CinC Pacific Fleet,

                                Admiral Chester Nimitz.

                9th          Arrived at Guam escorted by HM Destroyers WAGER and WHELP.

                10th        Fleet Admiral Nimitz invested with Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the

                                Bath by Admiral Fraser on behalf of HM King George VI.

                12th        Task Force 37 ships of British Pacific Fleet, except a Token Force, to be

                                withdrawn from the operational area because of lack of fuel from British

                                sources.

                                (For details see WAR WITH JAPAN (HMSO), THE FORGOTTEN FLEET by

                                J Winton, TASK FORCE 57 by P Smith, and Naval Staff History.)

                13th        Took passage from Guam with HMS WAGER and HMS WHELP to join US

                                3rd Fleet including ships of BPF in operational area

                18th        Deployed with ships of Token Force (Task Group 38.5) with Task Force 38 for

                                support operations to recover PoW and allied nationals.

                                (Note: TG38.5 comprised: HMS KING GEORGE V, HMS

                                INDEFATIGABLE, HM Cruisers NEWFOUNDLAND and GAMBIA

                                (RNZN), HM Destroyers BARFLEUR, NAPIER (RAN), TEAZER,

                                TENACIOUS, TROUBRIDGE, NIZAM (RAN), WAKEFUL, and

                                WRANGLER.)

                                Replenished from Logistic Support Group of Task Force 112 (Fleet Train).

                23rd        Re-designated with HMS WAGER and HMS WHELP as Task Group 30.2 for

                                entry into Japanese waters.

                                (Note: Remainder of Task Group 38.5 were redesignated Task Force 37.)

                27th        Anchored in Sagami Wan prior to formal surrender ceremony in Tokyo Bay..

                29th        Passage to Tokyo Bay after mine clearance operations.

 

September

                2nd         Present in Tokyo Bay during formal surrender of Japan.

                                (Note: Admiral Fraser signed the formal instrument of surrender and this

                                ceremony was attended by representatives of the BPF.)

                5th          Reverted to RN control.

                9th          Passage from Tokyo Bay to Hong Kong with call at Okinawa.

                14th        Arrived at Hong Kong with CinC

                16th        Formal surrender ceremony.

                                (Note: Rear Admiral CJ Harcourt, former captain of ship, signed for Great

                                Britain in his capacity as CinC Hong Kong and Head of

                                Administration, Admiral Fraser as CinC BPF attended as an

                                observer.)

                21st         Sailed for Sydney with call at Manila to refuel.

 

October                  Passage to Sydney

                9th          Arrived at Sydney

 

November              At Sydney

                3rd          Sailed from Sydney for visit to Tasmania.

                21st         Arrived at Sydney from Norfolk Bay, Tasmania.

 

December

                1st           Took passage from Sydney for Hong Kong with calls at Fremantle, Christmas

                                Island and Singapore.

                7th          At Fremantle.

                14th        At Singapore.

                21st         Arrived at Hong Kong after passage in extreme weather during which the

                                First Lieutenant, Lieut. Cdr. May, RN was swept overboard with several

                                other men from cable party during work to secure anchors.

                                All the men were saved except the First Lieutenant.

                26th        1,200 of ship’s company were landed as part of KENNEDY FORCE, the

                                temporary garrison of the Colony, pending the arrival of the Army and

                                relieved the naval personnel landed from HM Battleship ANSON when the

                                Japanese surrendered.

 

1 9 4 6

 

January                  At Hong Kong

                                (Note: Admiral Fraser raised to Peerage.)

                17th        Sailed from Hong Kong for Flag Visit to Amoy.

                21st         Returned to Hong Kong.

 

February                At Hong Kong

                19th        Took part in exercises off Hong Kong which included US Navy ships.

 

March                    At Hong Kong

                10th        Admiral Fraser and staff left ship

                                (Note: BPF was being administered from Hong Kong pending transfer of

                                Headquarters from Sydney.)

                11th        Passage from Hong Kong for visit to Japan.

                15th        At Nagasaki

                16th        At Kagoshima

                19th        At Kure.

                                (Note: British Commonwealth Base was at Kure and later used by RN and

                                Commonwealth warships during the Korean War. Visits to Hiroshima to

                                see results of Atom Bomb attack were arranged.)

                26th        At Yokohama.

                                (Note: Ships company able to visit Tokyo which had been extensively

                                damaged by allied bombing.)

                27th        Took passage to Sydney.

 

April                       Passage in Pacific.

                10th        At Sydney for routine docking and leave.

 

May                        At Sydney

                15th        Sailed from Sydney for Hong Kong.

                29th        Arrived at Hong Kong.

 

June

                7th          Admiral Lord Fraser embarked for passage to Singapore.

                11th        Arrived at Singapore. Admiral Lord Fraser relieved as CinC BPF by

                                Admiral Sir Denis Boyd.

                                Sailed from Singapore to UK with Admiral Lord Fraser embarked.

                18th        Sailed from Colombo.

                28th        Sailed from Port Said with calls at Malta and Gibraltar.

 

July

                8th          Passage from Gibraltar to Plymouth.

                11th        Arrived at Plymouth.

                                (Note: Ship has steamed 58,413 miles since leaving Scapa Flow in April 1945.