Star Trek......almost!

[catman]

ARLINGTON, Va. - For years, the U.S. military has explored a new kind of firepower that is instantaneous, precise and virtually inexhaustible: beams of electromagnetic energy. "Directed-energy" pulses can be throttled up or down depending on the situation, much like the phasers on "Star Trek" could be set to kill or merely stun.

Such weapons are now nearing fruition. But logistical issues have delayed their battlefield debut ? even as soldiers in Iraq encounter tense urban situations in which the nonlethal capabilities of directed energy could be put to the test.

"It's a great technology with enormous potential, but I think the environment's not strong for it," said James Jay Carafano, a senior fellow at the conservative Heritage Foundation who blames the military and Congress for not spending enough on getting directed energy to the front. "The tragedy is that I think it's exactly the right time for this."

The hallmark of all directed-energy weapons is that the target ? whether a human or a mechanical object ? has no chance to avoid the shot because it moves at the speed of light. At some frequencies, it can penetrate walls.

Since the ammunition is merely light or radio waves, directed-energy weapons are limited only by the supply of electricity. And they don't involve chemicals or projectiles that can be inaccurate, accidentally cause injury or violate international treaties.

"When you're dealing with people whose full intent is to die, you can't give people a choice of whether to comply," said George Gibbs, a systems engineer for the Marine Expeditionary Rifle Squad Program who oversees directed-energy projects. "What I'm looking for is a way to shoot everybody, and they're all OK."

Almost as diverse as the electromagnetic spectrum itself, directed-energy weapons span a wide range of incarnations.

Among the simplest forms are inexpensive, handheld lasers that fill people's field of vision, inducing a temporary blindness to ensure they stop at a checkpoint, for example. Some of these already are used in Iraq.

Other radio-frequency weapons in development can sabotage the electronics of land mines, shoulder-fired missiles or automobiles ? a prospect that interests police departments in addition to the military.

A separate branch of directed-energy research involves bigger, badder beams: lasers that could obliterate targets tens of miles away from ships or planes. Such a strike would be so surgical that, as some designers put it at a recent conference here, the military could plausibly deny responsibility.

The flexibility of directed-energy weapons could be vital as wide-scale, force-on-force conflict becomes increasingly rare, many experts say. But the technology has been slowed by such practical concerns as how to shrink beam-firing antennas and power supplies.

Military officials also say more needs to be done to assure the international community that directed-energy weapons set to stun rather than kill will not harm noncombatants.

Such issues recently led the Pentagon to delay its Project Sheriff, a plan to outfit vehicles in Iraq with a combination of lethal and nonlethal weaponry ? including a highly touted microwave-energy blaster that makes targets feel as if their skin is on fire. Sheriff has been pushed at least to 2006.

"It was best to step back and make sure we understand where we can go with it," said David Law, science and technology chief for the Joint Non-Lethal Weapons Directorate.

The directed-energy component in the project is the Active Denial System, developed by Air Force researchers and built by Raytheon Co. It produces a millimeter-wavelength burst of energy that penetrates 1/64 of an inch into a person's skin, agitating water molecules to produce heat. The sensation is certain to get people to halt whatever they are doing.

Military investigators say decades of research have shown that the effect ends the moment a person is out of the beam, and no lasting damage is done as long as the stream does not exceed a certain duration. How long? That answer is classified, but it apparently is in the realm of seconds, not minutes. The range of the beam also is secret, though it is said to be further than small arms fire, so an attacker could be repelled before he could pull a trigger.

Although Active Denial works ? after a $51 million, 11-year investment ? it has proven to be a "model for how hard it is to field a directed-energy nonlethal weapon," Law said.

For example, the prototype system can be mounted on a Humvee but the vehicle has to stop in order to fire the beam. Using the vehicle's electrical power "is pushing its limits," he added.

Still, Raytheon is pressing ahead with smaller, portable, shorter-range spinoffs of Active Denial for embassies, ships or other sensitive spots.

One potential customer is the Department of Energy. Researchers at its Sandia National Laboratories are testing Active Denial as a way to repel intruders from nuclear facilities. But Sandia researchers say the beams won't be in place until 2008 at the earliest because so much testing remains.

In the meantime, Raytheon is trying to drum up business for an automated airport-defense project known as Vigilant Eagle that detects shoulder-fired missiles and fries their electronics with an electromagnetic wave. The system, which would cost $25 million per airport, has proven effective against a "real threat," said Michael Booen, a former Air Force colonel who heads Raytheon's directed-energy work. He refused to elaborate.

For Peter Bitar, the future of directed energy boils down to money.

Bitar heads Indiana-based Xtreme Alternative Defense Systems Ltd., which makes small blinding lasers used in Iraq. But his real project is a nonlethal energy device called the StunStrike.

Basically, it fires a bolt of lightning. It can be tuned to blow up explosives, possibly to stop vehicles and certainly to buzz people. The strike can be made to feel as gentle as "broom bristles" or cranked up to deliver a paralyzing jolt that "takes a few minutes to wear off."

Bitar, who is of Arab descent, believes StunStrike would be particularly intimidating in the Middle East because, he contends, people there are especially afraid of lightning.

At present, StunStrike is a 20-foot tower that can zap things up to 28 feet away. The next step is to shrink it so it could be wielded by troops and used in civilian locales like airplane cabins or building entrances.

Xtreme ADS also needs more tests to establish that StunStrike is safe to use on people.

But all that takes money ? more than the $700,000 Bitar got from the Pentagon from 2003 until the contract recently ended.

Bitar is optimistic StunStrike will be perfected, either with revenue from the laser pointers or a partnership with a bigger defense contractor. In the meantime, though, he wishes soldiers in Iraq already had his lightning device on difficult missions like door-to-door searches.

"It's very frustrating when you know you've got a solution that's being ignored," he said. "The technology is the easy part."

[locksly]

Antimatter-Rocket Plan Fuels Hope for "Star Trek" Tech

Mark Anderson
for National Geographic News

May 4, 2006

Warp drives may be the stuff of science fiction, but another Star Trek staple appears to be edging toward science fact. The energy source that enables the starship Enterprise to boldly go where no one has gone before has, according to one controversial new claim, moved much closer to reality.

Photo: Lab Creates "Black Hole"

[*]Proof of Big Bang Seen by Space Probe, Scientists Say [*]Wallpapers: Best Space Pictures [/list]

A New Mexico company has just completed its initial studies of an antimatter-powered rocket that it hopes will someday take astronauts to Mars in 90 days or less. (Related interview: Mars expert on how to get there.) As with Trek when it first aired in the 1960s, many critics doubt the ambitious new program will ever get off the ground. The existence of antimatter was first predicted in 1928. It's said to be a mirror image of matter. (See "Scientists Ponder Universe's Missing Antimatter.") If a particle makes contact with its antiparticle, the two substances annihilate?they both vanish in a flurry of high-energy radiation known as gamma rays. The electron, carrier of electricity, has an antimatter twin called the positron, or antielectron, which was discovered in 1932. Sci-fi authors and screenwriters have since cashed in on the reflective, perplexing, and overpowering possibilities of this mystery substance. Examples include the "Anti-Matter Man" episode of the 1960s TV series Lost in Space; the "positronic brains" of the cyborgs in Isaac Asimov's book I, Robot; and R.L. Forward's novel Martian Rainbow, in which antimatter rockets boost both a Mars mission and world domination. But Forward was not the only visionary who saw antimatter as the ultimate form of rocket propulsion. In the 1950s Austrian engineer Eugen S?nger first suggested using positron-electron annihilations to power spacecraft. But one of the chief problems that dogged his efforts was storage.

Positrons cannot be brought into contact with matter, which rules out any storage medium other than a vacuum filled with a magnetic field that contains the particles.

Moreover, positrons carry electric charge and naturally repel each other.

RELATED

[*]Photo: Lab Creates "Black Hole" [*]Proof of Big Bang Seen by Space Probe, Scientists Say [*]Wallpapers: Best Space Pictures [/list]

So storing just 0.0001 percent of the positrons needed to propel a spaceship to Mars would require containing a million tons of repelling electric force pushing on the walls of the fuel tank. Radical Innovations Several recent discoveries since the late 1990s have altered the picture radically, says Gerald Smith. Smith is a retired professor of physics at Pennsylvania State University in University Park. He now heads a company called Positronics Research, LLC, in Santa Fe, New Mexico. Last week Smith and his colleagues sent NASA a final report on Positronics' initial investigation into the feasibility of positron-fueled rocketry, which the space agency had partially funded. Positronics Research also receives funding from the United States Department of Defense. Positronics' researchers base their novel antimatter rocket design on published studies that an electrically neutral positron atom could be artificially held together for at least several years. The atoms, called positronium, consist of an electron and positron orbiting each other. Normally positronium can exist for only fractions of a millisecond before the two mirror particles annihilate each other. However, in a series of papers published in the journals Physical Review Letters and Physical Review in 1997 and 1998, a team of German and U.S. theorists calculated that the right combination of electric and magnetic fields would stretch out the positronium like a barbell and greatly reduce the probability of the electrons and positrons annihilating. "We've done the calculations," Smith said. "And it's not uncommon to find that the lifetime [of the enhanced positronium] is [practically] infinite." Smith says that Positronics has begun experiments to verify their calculations, although he says the data from the experiments is not yet for public consumption. Roger H. Miller is a professor emeritus of physics at Stanford University in Palo Alto, California. He has seen Smith present his publicly released data and is skeptical. "The details are not available, so we don't know how many positronium atoms were stored, what their lifetime was, and how these quantities were measured," Miller said via email. One undisputed fact is that, if a storage tank could be created that keeps the positronium in a stable state, an astonishingly small amount of positronium would power a spaceship. Ten milligrams (0.0004 ounce)?the mass of a grain of rice?would be sufficient to take a manned spaceship to Mars. Mere grams would be enough to fuel a hundred-year expedition to the nearby star Alpha Centauri. Creating those milligrams of antimatter would be very difficult and expensive, however. Smith, of Positronics, estimates that a dedicated 1.5-billion-U.S.-dollar facility could churn out the positronium needed to go to Mars in three years. Stanford's Miller, on the other hand, counters that "the most powerful positron source ever built [so far] would take about 300 years to produce enough positrons." From Power to Propulsion Positronium is ultimately just a very compact power source. Converting that power into propulsion is another crucial hurdle. Under their more public NASA grant, Positronics Research has released specifications for a rocket that consists of a surface coated with silicon carbide?also known as Moissanite, a diamond-like substance that glistens atop rings and pendants on late-night television shopping networks. The positronium in this proposed rocket would be shuttled from the fuel tank to the engine core, where it annihilates, producing two gamma rays that evaporate silicon carbide from the nearby surface. The resulting silicon carbide gas, then, becomes the exhaust that propels the spacecraft forward. Miller remains dubious. "While I can't say that the concept of space travel powered by positrons is impossible, I am sure that it is a very difficult development," he said. "I think it is worthwhile to point out that in the mid-1950s, knowledgeable people thought useful controlled [nuclear] fusion power generation [which, in contrast to nuclear fission?commonly used in power plants?generates energy by combining hydrogen atoms to create helium] would be achieved in about 25 years. Today it is still believed to be about 25 years away."

http://news.nationalgeographic.com/n...ntimatter.html

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[*]target="_ " s_oid="http://www.stanford.edu/dept/physics/index.shtml" s_oidt="0">Stanford University Department of Physics [*]target="_ " s_oid="http://www.pr-llc.com/" s_oidt="0">Positronics Research, LLC [/list]

[colmurph]

Don't hold your breath.