The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1848

[MORTARDUDE]

http://www.pbs.org/kpbs/theborder/hi...imeline/6.html


The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
In 1848, at the conclusion of the U.S.- Mexican War, the two countries signed the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo. The treaty called for Mexico to give up almost half of its territory, which included modern-day California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas and parts of Colorado, Nevada, and Utah. In return, the U.S. paid $ 18,250,000, the equivalent of $627,500,000 in mid-2000s dollars.
in compensation for war-related damage to Mexican land.

Among the notable aspects of the treaty, it set the Texas border at the Rio Grande; it provided for the protection of the property and civil rights of Mexican nationals who would now be living on U.S. soil; the United States agreed to police its side of the border; and both countries agreed to compulsory arbitration of future disputes. However, when the United States Senate ratified the treaty, it erased Article 10, which guaranteed the protection of Mexican land grants; Article 9, which deals with citizenship rights, was also weakened. This in turn created an anti-Mexican atmosphere that spurred the violation of their civil rights. In Texas, Mexicans were restricted from voting. In New Mexico, Mexicans were the victims of violence, while in California, laws against them were passed, some of which were known as the Greaser Laws.


At the time of the treaty, approximately 80,000 Mexicans lived in the ceded territory, which comprised only about 4 percent of Mexico?s population. Only a few people chose to remain Mexican citizens compared to the many that became United States citizens. Most of the 80,000 residents continued to live in the Southwest, believing in the guarantee that their property and civil rights would be protected. Sadly, this would not always be the case. By the end of the 19th century, most Mexicans had lost their land, either through force or fraud.

In the Chicano movement in the late 1960s, New Mexico land rights leader Reies Lopez Tijerina and his Alianza movement cited the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in their fight to regain American-seized Mexican land. In 1972, the Brown Berets youth organization also cited the treaty in their takeover of Catalina Island.

In terms of property ownership, many property rights existing under Spanish and Mexican land grants were not recognized by the United States. In California, approximately 27 percent of land grant claims were rejected; in the territory of New Mexico, some 76 percent of such claims were rejected.

[Jerry D]

Most treaties the US Governmenta has signed unless with a major Power i.e. Russia or China, got broken before the ink dried on the paper it was signed! thats a sad truth of our American History.

[SuperScout]

Uhh, hate to burst any bubbles, but Texas was an independent Republic in 1836, with Sam Houston as our first president. In 1845, Texas was admitted to the Union, so any treaty after that involving Texas was mute.

The actual sum paid was $15 million. The only two other states mentioned in the Treaty were California and New Mexico. Arizona was part ofthe Gadsden Purchase, accomplished many years later. Colorado and Utah were never in the mix, nor was Nevada. Don' t where the writers of the article cited are getting their info, but it appears to be tilted towards a current justifiation for the proposed land grabs by the radical Mexicans of today. Their figures of how any people were involved is off by the hundreds of thousands; with the exception of slaves, voting rights were granted to all citizens of Texas, irrespective of country of origin.

So much for the accuracy of PBS, another governmental waste of money.

[tamariki]

Got this from:-

Burroughs' Encyclopaedia of Astounding Facts and Useful Information, 1889,

HOW THE UNITED STATES GOT ITS LANDS.--
The United States bought Louisiana, the vast region between the Mississippi River, the eastern and northern boundary of Texas (then belonging to Spain), and the dividing ridge of the Rocky Mountains, together with what is now Oregon, Washington Territory, and the western parts of Montana and Idaho, from France for $11,250,000. This was in 1803.
Before the principal, interest, and claims of one sort and another assumed by the United States were settled, the total cost of this "Louisiana purchase," comprising, according to French construction and our understanding, 1,171,931 square miles, swelled to $23,500,000, or almost $25 per section--a fact not stated in cyclopedias and school histories, and therefore not generally understood.
Spain still held Florida and claimed a part of what we understood to be included in the Louisiana purchase--a strip up to north latitude 31--and disputed our boundary along the south and west, and even claimed Oregon. We bought Florida and all the disputed land east of the Mississippi and her claim to Oregon, and settled our southwestern boundary dispute for the sum of $6,500,000.
Texas smilingly proposed annexation to the United States, and this great government was "taken in" December 29, 1845, Texas keeping her public lands and giving us all her State debts and a three-year war (costing us $66,000,000) with Mexico, who claimed her for a runaway from Mexican jurisdiction.
This was a bargain that out-yankeed the Yankees, but the South insisted on it and the North submitted.
After conquering all the territory now embraced in New Mexico, a part of Colorado, Arizona, Utah, Nevada and California, we paid Mexico $25,000,000 for it--$15,000,000 for the greater part of it and $10,000,000 for another slice, known as the "Gadsden purchase."
In 1867 we bought Alaska from Russia for $7,200,000. All the several amounts above named were paid long ago.
As for all the rest of our landed possessions, we took them with us when we cut loose from mother Britain's apron string, but did not get a clear title until we had fought ten years for it--first in the Revolutionary War, costing us in killed 7,343 reported--besides the unreported killed--and over 15,000 wounded, and $135,193,103 in money; afterward in the War of 1812-15, costing us in killed 1,877, in wounded 3,737, in money $107,159,003.
We have paid everybody but the Indians, the only real owners, and, thanks to gunpowder, sword, bayonet, bad whisky, small-pox, cholera and other weapons of civilization, there are not many of them left to complain. Besides all the beads, earrings, blankets, pots, kettles, brass buttons, etc., given them for land titles in the olden times, we paid them, or the Indian agents, in one way and another, in the ninety
years from 1791 to 1881, inclusive, $193,672,697.31, to say nothing of the thousands of lives sacrificed and many millions spent in Indian wars, from the war of King Philip to the last fight with the Apaches.