19th Century

[Beau]

Statistics of Wars, Oppressions and Atrocities of the Nineteenth Century
(List of Recurring Sources)


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Over 1,000,000 killed
Napoleonic Wars (1803-15)
Gaston Bodart, Losses of Life in Modern Wars (1916)
French battle deaths: 370,750
Combined French military deaths, both battle and disease: 1M
Enemy deaths: about the same, 1M
TOTAL: 2 Million
Levy, War in the Modern Great Power System
Battle deaths: 1,869,000
Eckhardt: 1,000,000 civ. + 1,380,000 mil. = 2,380,000
Samuel Dumas, Losses of Life Caused By War (1923) cites:
Taine: 1,700,000 French
Delbr?ck: 2,000,000 military deaths, all armies (? of them French)
Hodge:
UK Navy, 1804-15:
KIA: 6,663
Shipwrecks, drownings, fire: 13,621
Disease: 72,102
TOTAL: 92,386
UK Army, 1804-15:
KIA: 25,569
Disease: 193,851
TOTAL: 219,420
Fr?hlich: 5,925,084 dead (1801-1815), including 1M Fr+Ger civilians and 160,000 dead in Sainte-Domingue.
Danzer's Arme-Zeitung, KIA in major battles:
Austria: 376,000
Prussia: 134,000
Russia: 289,000
TOTAL: 799,000 (Dumas suggests that multiplying this total by 3 to include disease deaths and small skirmishes might be appropriate. Urlanis claims that these number are for killed and wounded, not just killed.)
Urlanis
K. in Battle: 560,000
Military. Killed and died: 3,105,000
French: 1,200,000
Russian: 450,000
German: 400,000
Austrian: <200,000
Spanish: >300,000
British: 243,000
Italians: 120,000
Sorokin:
TOTAL (1803-14): 1,991,284 ("losses". i.e. killed + wounded. Killed alone would be approx 1/4 to 1/3 of that, or 500-660,000)
MEDIAN: 2M military deaths and 1M civilian deaths.
see also: French Revolutionary Wars
Mfecane (1818-1840), and the reign of Shaka (1816-1828)
Eugene Walter, Terror and Resistance (1969) cites the following, but admits it might be lower:
Henry Francis Flynn: more than 1,000,000 deaths caused by Shaka's wars.
George Theal, History of South Africa (1915): 2,000,000
Britannica, "Shaka": 2,000,000
NOTE: These numbers are controversial in South Africa. Afrikaaners claim that Shaka depopulated much of southern Africa leaving it conveniently empty and free for the taking when the Boers moved in. Africans, OTOH, deny this and claim that the death toll is wildly exaggerated.
19th Century Slave Trade
Atlantic slave trade: ca. 1.6M transported and 2.5M deaths.
Islamic slave trade: ca. 2M transported and 3M died.
Taiping Rebellion (1850-64)
Guinness Book of World Records calls this the bloodiest civil war in history with 20-30 million dead.
Colin McEvedy, Atlas of World Population History "China" (1978): 25,000,000
Small & Singer
Taiping Rebellion (1850-64): 20,000,000
Miao Rebellion (1860-72): 75,000
Nien Rebellion (1860-68): 75,000
Britannica, 15th ed. (1992): 20M
100,000 k. at Nanking.
Encarta: 20,000,000
PGtH: 20,000,000
Eckhardt
Taiping Rebellion: 2,000,000 (1860-64)
Moslem Rebellions (1860-72): 300,000
TOTAL: 2,300,000
Colonial El Ni?o Famines (1876-1900)
Mike Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts: El Ni?o Famines and the Making of the Third World (2001) argues that the business policies of the imperial European bureacrats, traders and landlords in the face of El Ni?o drought intensified these famines and thereby caused millions of deaths. If true, this accusation could easily create a moral equivalence between these famines and the devastating Communist famines of the 20th Century, but so far, the scholarship on this is new and untested.
Estimated death tolls:
1876-79 Famine
India
est. by Digby: 10.3 M
est. by Maharatna: 8.2 M
est. by Seavoy: 6.1 M
China
Broomhall: 20 M
Bohr: 9.5-13 M
Brazil: 0.5-1.0 M (Cunniff)
1896-1900 Famine
India
The Lancet: 19.0 M
Maharatna: 8.4 M
Seavoy: 8.4 M
Cambridge: 6.1 M
China: 10 M (Cohen)
Brazil: 1.0-1.5 M (Smith)
TOTAL: 31,700,000 to 61,300,000 (midpoint: 46.5M)
Congo Free State (1886-1908)
Approximately 4,500,000 deaths during the 19th C.
See the 20th Century

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Between 100,000 and 1,000,000
United States, eradication of the American Indians (1775-1890)
Russel Thornton, American Indian Holocaust and Survival (1987)
Overall decline
From 600,000 (in 1800) to 250,000 (in 1890s)
Indian Wars, from a 1894 report by US Census, cited by Thornton. Includes men, woman and children killed, 1775-1890:
Individual conflicts:
Whites: 5,000
Indians: 8,500
Wars under the gov't:
Whites: 14,000
Indians: 30-45,000
TOTAL:
Whites: 19,000
Indians: 38,500 to 53,500
TOTAL: 65,000 ? 7,500
William Osborn: The Wild Frontier: atrocities during the American-Indian War from Jamestown Colony to Wounded Knee (2000)
Deaths caused by specific settler atrocities: 7,193 (1623-1890)
Deaths caused by specific Indian atrocities: 9,156 (1511-1879. Incl. Indian vs. Indian)
Trail of Tears (1838-39)
Traeger, The People's Chronology: 4,000 out of 14,000 Cherokee die on route.
Australia (1788-1921)
Mark Cocker, Rivers of Blood, Rivers of Gold (1998)
Australian mainland
Ongoing frontier war: 2,000-2,500 whites and 20,000 Aborignies KIA ("best guess", probably higher)
General population decline: from 1M (1788) to 50,000 (ca. 1890) to 30,000 (1920s)
New Zealand
Maori pop: 240,000 (pre-contact) to 40,000 (1896)
Jared Diamond, The Third Chimpanzee (1993)
Decline of the Aborgines
From 300,000 (in 1788) to 60,000 (in 1921)
Extermination of the Tasmanians
From 5,000 (in 1800) to 200 (in 1830) to 3 (in 1869) to none (1877)
India, Thuggee (1800-1838)
ca. 500,000 ritual murders in first third of the century.
Russo-Turkish War (1806-12)
Urlanis: 225,000 soldiers killed and died
Eckhardt: 45,000 military
OnWar.com
Russia: 70,000
Turkey: 100,000
TOTAL: 170,000
Javanese War (1825-30)
Uprising against the Dutch
Rudolf von Albertini, European Colonial Rule, 1880-1940: 200,000
S&S: 15,000 Netherlanders k.
Russo-Turkish War (1828-29)
S&S:
Russia: 50,000
Turkey: 80,000
TOTAL: 130,000
Eckhardt: 61,000 civ. + 130,000 mil. = 191,000
Urlanis:
K. in Battle: 25,000
Military. Killed and died: 205,000
Crimean War (1853-56)
Bodart:
Russia: 40,000 KIA + 60,000 disease = 100,000
France: 20,240 KIA + 75,375 dis. = 95,615
Turkey: unknown
UK: 4,602 KIA + 17,580 dis. = 22,182
Piedmont: 28 KIA + 2,166 dis. = 2,194
TOTAL: 242,173 (w/o Turkey)
S&S:
Russia: 100,000
France: 95,000
Turkey: 45,000
UK: 22,000
Sardinia: 2,200
TOTAL: 264,200
Eckhardt: 264,000 military
1911 Britannica
Battle deaths:
Allies: 70,000
Russians: 128,700
TOTAL: 198,700
Dead from all causes
Allies: 252,600 (including 5,000 English)
Russians: 256,000
TOTAL: 508,000
Urlanis
K. in Battle: 53,000
Military. Killed and died: 309,000
American Civil War (1861-65)
DoD (USA only)
Battle deaths: 140,414
Other deaths: 224,097
TOTAL: 364,511
McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom (1988)
United States: 360,000
Confederacy: 260,000
TOTAL: 620,000
Civilians: 50,000
Britannica
United States: 359,528
Confederacy: 258,000
TOTAL: 617,528
Traeger, The People's Chronology, "1865"
United States: 360,222
k. in battle: 110,000
Confederacy: 258,000
k. in battle: 94,000
TOTAL: 618,222
k. in battle: 204,000
S&S, Eckhardt: 650,000
Urlanis
K. in Battle: 134,000
Military. Killed and died: 538,000
Dumas:
USA
KIA: 67,038
Died of wounds: 43,000
Disease: 224,586
Accident, murder, suicide, etc.: 24,872
TOTAL: 359,496
Paraguayan War (1864-70)
Britannica, 11th ed. (1911): The counted population of Paraguay dropped from 1,336,439 to 221,079 for a loss of 1,116,360 (83%)
Britannica, 15th ed. (1992): The population of Paraguay population dropped from 525,000 to 221,000 for a loss of 304,000 (58%)
The loss is also described as 50% (Wilgus, Latin American History; Encarta) or 70% (Anchor Atlas)
Urlanis
military losses: 300,000 (citing Mulhall)
Paraguayan population decline from 1.3M to .3M (1M or 80%)
Eckhardt: 300,000 civ. + 310,000 mil. = 610,000
OnWar.com:
Argentina: 10,000.
Brazil: 100,000.
Paraguay: 304,000
Uruguay: 10,000
TOTAL: 424,000
LC [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/pytoc.html]
Brazil: 150,000 dead
Executed by Lopez: 500 foreigners + thousands in military
Small & Singer (partial)
Brazil: 100,000
Argentina: 10,000
Ten Years War, Cuba (1868-78)
Encarta: 200,000
Eckhardt: 100,000 civ. + 100,000 mil. = 200,000
Singer: 100,000 Spanish battle deaths.
Stanley Payne, Politics and the Military in Modern Spain (1967): more than 50,000 Spanish soldiers killed.
cited by Payne:
Gen. Jovellar: 140,000
Galego: 3,660 KIA + 54,754 deaths by disease and wounds
Franco-Prussian War (1870-71)
Gaston Bodart, Losses of Life in Modern Wars (1916)
France
battle deaths: 60,000
other deaths: 80,000
Total: 140,000
Germany
battle deaths: 28,400
other deaths: 16,381
Total: 44,781
Excess deaths among French civilians, 1870-71: 590,000
TOTAL: 774,781
S&S:
France: 140,000
Prussia: 40,000
Bavaria: 5,500
Baden: 1,000
Wurtemberg: 1,000
TOTAL: 187,500
Eckhardt: 62,000 civ. + 188,000 mil. = 250,000
Urlanis
K. in Battle: 57,000
Military. Killed and died: 188,000
French civilians: 300-400,000 excess deaths, incl. 47,000 in siege of Paris
German civilians: 200,000 excess deaths, half in smallpox epidemic spread by French POWs
TOTAL: 738,000 ? 50,000
see also Paris Commune
Russo-Turkish War (1877-78)
Samuel Dumas, Losses of Life Caused By War (1923)
Russian:
Killed: 30,000
Dead of wounds: 4,742
Dead of disease: 81,166
Dead of frostbite or accident: 1,713
TOTAL: 117,621
Urlanis
K. in Battle: 34,000
Military. Killed and died: 190,000
Russian civilians: 300-400,000 excess deaths
S&S:
Russia: 120,000
Turkey: 165,000
TOTAL: 285,000
Eckhardt: 285,000
Philippine-American War, 1899-1902
See the 20th Century

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Between 10,000 and 100,000
India, Sati (1800-29)
Somewhere around 17,500 widows burned during the 19th Century.
Egypt (1805-11)
Muhammad Ali v. Ottomans
OnWar.com
Britain: 5,000
Egypt: 39,000
Rebels: 3,000
Ottomans: 9,000
TOTAL: 56,000
Anglo-American War of 1812 (1812-15)
Dept.of Defense; 1984 World Almanac:
USA: 2,260 KIA
Eckhardt: 4,000 military
OnWar.com
UK: 5,000
US: 12,000
TOTAL: 17,000
Donald Hickey, The War of 1812 (1989)
USA:
KIA: 2,260
Executions: 205
Deaths by disease: 17,000
TOTAL: approx 20,000
UK:
No British numbers available. Hickey suggests there were probably more battle deaths and fewer disease deaths.
Greek Revolution (1821-28)
Eckhardt: 105,000 civ. + 15,000 mil. = 120,000
Urlanis: 60,000
S&S: 15,000 Turks k.
1st Anglo-Burmese War (1823-26)
UK: 15,000 (S&S)
Eckhardt: 5,000 civ. + 15,000 mil. = 20,000
Turkey, massacre of the Jannisaries (1826)
PGtH: 20,000
Traeger, People's Chronology: 6-10,000
Eckhardt: 14,000 civ. + 6,000 mil. = 20,000
Portugal (1829-34)
Govt. vs. Conservatives
S&S: 20,000, plus 100 British
Eckhardt: 20,000
Polish Insurrection (1830-32)
S&S: 15,000 Russians (1831-32)
Eckhardt: 6,000 civ. + 15,000 mil. = 21,000 (1831)
Urlanis: 70,000 total
1st Syrian War (1831-32)
S&S: Turkey lost 10,000 k
Eckhardt: 8,000 civ. + 10,000 mil. = 18,000
Spain (1832-40)
S&S (Govt. vs. Carlists, 1834-40)
30,000 Spanish
Outsiders:
UK: 2,500
France: 100
Portugal: 50
TOTAL: 32,650
Eckhardt: 33,000
Urlanis: 50,000 (1832-40)
1st British-Afghan War (1838-42)
S&S: UK lost 20,000 k.
Eckhardt: 20,000 mil.
2nd Syrian War (1839-40)
S&S: Turkey lost 10,000 k.
Eckhardt: 2,000 civ. + 10,000 mil. = 12,000
Argentina (1841-51)
Govt. vs. Unitarios
S&S: 10,000 (plus 100 UK and 100 France)
Mexican-American War (1846-48)
S&S, OnWar.com :
USA: 11,000
Mexico: 6,000
TOTAL: 17,000
Eckhardt: 4,000 civ. + 17,000 military = 21,000
Winders, Mr. Polk's Army (1997), citing Henry Scott, Military Dictionary
USA:
KIA: 1,548
Illness: 10,970
Mortal wounds: 505
TOTAL: 13,023
Bauer, The Mexican War: 1846-48 (1974)
USA:
KIA: 1,192
Illness: 11,155
Mortal wounds: 529
TOTAL: 12,876
Dept. of Defense (also 1984 World Almanac):
USA: 1,733 KIA + 11,550 other deaths = 13,283
My Guess:
USA: The median (and official) count is 1,733 KIA.
Mexico: Looking at the battle-by-battle statistics, [http://www.dmwv.org/mexwar/mexstat3.htm] it appears that, on average, the Mexicans suffered 4.7 times as many casualties as the USAns. That indicates some 8,000 KIA all told.
Revolutions of 1848 (1848)
S&S
Two Sicilies (1848-49)
Govt. vs. Liberals: 1,000
France (1848)
Govt. vs. Republicans: 3,000
Austria (1848)
Govt. vs. Liberals: 3,500
Austro-Sardinian War (1848-49)
Austria: 5,600
Sardinia: 3,400
TOTAL: 9,000
1st Schleswig-Holstein War (1848-49)
Prussia: 2,500
Denmark: 3,500
TOTAL: 6,000
Roman Republic (1849)
France: 500
Two Sicilies: 100
Papal States: 1500
Austria: 100
TOTAL: 2,200
TOTAL: 24,700
Urlanis (Hungarian Insurrection: 1848-49): 100,000
Persia (1848-54)
16 Dec. 1979 Washington Post: 20,000 Babis (Baha'is) massacred. (also Babis)
India, Sepoy Mutiny (1857)
Eckhardt: 15,000 = 11,000 civ. + 4,000 mil.
OnWar.com
UK: 2,000
India: 8,000
Total: 10,000
Some guy on Internet: 150,000 k. incl. 100,000 civilians [http://members.tripod.com/~INDIA_RESOURCE/1857.html]
War of Italian Unification (1859)
S&S:
France: 7,500
Sardinia: 2,500
Austria: 12,500
TOTAL: 22,500
Bodart (KIA + died of wounds):
France: 5,500
Piedmont: 1,500
Austria: 8,000
TOTAL: 15,000
Venezuela (1859-63)
Govt. vs. Liberals
S&S: 20,000
China (1860-68)
Nien Rebellion
S&S: 75,000
China (1860-72)
Miao Rebellion
S&S: 75,000
Franco-Mexican War (1862-67)
S&S:
Mexico: 12,000
France: 8,000
TOTAL: 20,000
Eckhardt: 20,000 mil.
Seven Weeks War (1866)
Bodart:
Prussia: 4,454 KIA
Italy: 1,633 KIA
Austria-Hungary: 21,488 KIA + MIA
Austrian allies: 348
TOTAL: 27,923
Urlanis
K. in Battle: 34,000
S&S:
Prussia: 10,000
Italy: 4,000
Austria-Hungary: 20,000
Saxony: 600
Hanover: 500
Bavaria: 500
TOTAL: 36,100
Eckhardt: 43,000 civ. + 36,000 mil. = 79,000
Paris Commune (1871)
PGtH: 17,000 k. in suppression of the Commune
S&S: 20,000
Eckhardt: 20,000
Urlanis: 20,000
Gabriel Jackson, The Spanish Republic and the Civil War 1931-39 (1965, 1972):
17,000 to 25,000 Communards shot.
3,000 deaths in prison.
see also: Franco-Prussian War
Bulgaria (1876)
PGtH, also Britannica (1992 and 1911 eds.): 15,000 Bulgarians massacred by Turks in Philippopolis District, incl. 5,000 in town of Batak, acc2 British report.
Eckhardt: 30,000 civ. + 10,000 mil. = 40,000 (1875-77)
Japan (1877)
Govt. vs. Satsumas
S&S: 14,000
Pacific War (1879-83)
S&S:
Chile: 3,000
Bolivia: 1,000
Peru: 10,000
TOTAL: 14,000
Dumas:
Peru: 9,672
Chile: 3,276
Bolivia: 920
TOTAL: 13,868
South Africa, Anglo-Zulu War (1879)
Traeger, The People's Chronology
UK:
KIA: 76 officers + 1,007 men
Disease: 17 officers + 330 men
Natal Xhosa corpsman: 1,000
Zulus: 8,000
TOTAL: 10,430
Eckhardt: 1,000 civ. + 3,000 mil.
Transvaal (1880-81)
Revolt vs UK
Ekhardt: 18,000
Sino-French War (1884-85)
S&S:
China: 10,000
France: 2,100
TOTAL: 12,100
Sino-Japanese War (1894-95)
S&S:
China: 10,000
France: 5,000
TOTAL: 15,000
Turkey (1895-96)
Massacre of Armenians:
Alan Palmer, The Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire (1992): 30,000
Brazil, Canudos War (1896-97)
S&S: 5,000
Roelofse-Campbell: 30,000 [http://www.unisa.ac.za/dept/press/lar/112/canudos.html]
Govt: 5,000
Rebels: 25,000
Spanish-American War (1898)
S&S:
Spain: 5,000
USA: 5,000
TOTAL: 10,000
Eckhardt:
Cuba vs Spain (1895-98): 250,000 civ. + 50,000 military = 300,000
US vs Spain over Cuba & Phil (1898): 190,000 civ. + 10,000 military = 200,000
Urlanis
K. in Battle: 5,000
Military. Killed and died: 16,000
Spanish deaths:
Stanley Payne, Politics and the Military in Modern Spain (1967)
KIA: 2,159
Deaths by disease: 53,000
Hugh Thomas, Cuba, or, the pursuit of freedom (1971, 1988): Spanish losses in Cuba, 1895-98
KIA and died of wounds: 9,303
Deaths by disease: 53,440
USA dead:
Dept. of Defense, 1991 Information Please, World Almanac 1984: 385 KIA + 2,061 disease = 2,446
Sudan (1898)
Battle of Omdurman: 11,000 Dervishes k. (Trager, People's Chronology)
Anglo-Boer War, 1899-1902
see the 20th Century

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Under 10,000
British-Mahabattan War (1817-18)
UK: 2,000 (S&S)
Spain, Civil War (1820-23)
S&S (Govt. vs. Royalists: 1821-23): 7,000
Urlanis: 100,000
Franco-Spanish War (1823)
S&S:
Spain: 600
France: 400
TOTAL: 1,000
Turkey (1826)
Govt. vs. Janissaries
S&S: 6,000
Russo-Persian War (1826-28)
Russia: 5,000 (S&S)
Navarino Bay (1827)
S&S:
Turkey: 3,000
UK: 80
Russia: 60
France: 40
TOTAL: 3,180
France, July Revolution (1830)
Govt. vs. Liberals
PGtH: 1,000
S&S: 1,700
Eckhardt: 2,000
Mexico (1832)
Govt. vs. Liberals
S&S: 4,000
Texan War (1835-36)
S&S: 1,000 Mexicans
Eckhardt: 1,000 civ. + 1,000 mil. = 2,000
Colombia (1840-42)
Govt. vs. Progressives
S&S: 4,000
Spain (1847-49)
Govt. vs. Carlists
S&S: 3,000
Chile (1851)
Govt. vs. Liberals
S&S: 3,000
La Plata War (1851-52)
S&S:
Brazil: 500
Argentina: 800
TOTAL: 1,300
Peru (1853-55)
Govt. vs. Liberals
S&S: 4,000
Anglo-Persian War (1856-57)
S&S:
UK: 500
Persia: 1,500
TOTAL: 2,000
Peru (1856-58)
Govt. vs. Conservatives
S&S: 3,000
Mexico (1858-61)
Govt. vs. Liberals
S&S: 8,000
Spanish-Moroccan War (1859-60)
S&S:
Spain: 4,000
Morocco: 6,000
TOTAL: 10,000
Italo-Roman War (1860)
S&S:
Sardinia: 300
Papal States: 700
TOTAL: 1,000
Italo-Sicilian War (1860)
S&S:
Sardinia: 600
Two Sicilies: 400
TOTAL: 1,000
Colombia (1860-62)
Govt. vs. Liberals
S&S: 2,500
Argentina (1863)
Govt. vs. Montoneros
S&S: 1,000
Ecuadorian-Colombian War (1863)
S&S:
Colombia: 300
Ecuador: 700
TOTAL: 1,000
2nd Schleswig-Holstein War (1860)
S&S:
Prussia: 1,000
Austria-Hungary: 500
Denmark: 3,000
TOTAL: 4,500
USA, Reconstruction (1865-76)
1998 World Book Encyc.: 5,000 southern blacks murdered by whites
Spanish-Chilean War (1866)
S&S:
Peru: 600
Chile: 100
Spain: 300
TOTAL: 1,000
Argentina (1866-67)
Govt. vs. Federalists
S&S: 1,000
Venezuela (1868-71)
Govt. vs. Conservatives
S&S: 3,000
Spain (1868)
Govt. vs. Liberals
S&S: 1,600
Argentina (1870-71)
Entre Rios Rebellion
S&S: 1,500
Spain (1872-76)
Govt. vs. Carlists
S&S: 7,000
Colombia (1876-77)
Govt. vs. Liberals
S&S: 1,000
Argentina (1880)
Buenos Aires Rebellion
S&S: 1,000
South Africa (1880-81)
Basuto Revolt vs UK
Eckhardt: 1,000
Tunisia (1881)
France v Tunisia
Eckhardt: 1,000
Sino-French War (1884-85)
S&S:
China: 10,000
France: 2,100
TOTAL: 12,100
Colombia (1884-85)
Govt. vs. Liberals
S&S: 1,000
Central American War (1885)
S&S:
El Salvador: 200
Guatemala: 800
TOTAL: 1,000
Chile (1891)
Govt. vs. Congressists
S&S: 5,000
Brazil (1893-94)
Govt. vs. Rio Grande do Sud
S&S: 1,500
Brazil (1893-94)
Govt. vs. Naval Royalists
S&S: 1,000
Peru (1894-95)
Govt. vs. Liberals
S&S: 4,000
Greco-Turkish War (1897)
S&S:
Turkey: 1,400
Greece: 600
TOTAL: 2,000
Dumas: 1,300 Turks

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Total:
EXTREMELY PRELIMINARY TOTAL:
Adding all the events listed here gives a very tentative total of 40 Million unnatural deaths during the 19th Century -- and I probably missed a lot.
You might want to add an additional 45M, depending on whether you feel that the El Ni?o famines of 1876 and 1896 were man-made or not. That would boost the total to 80M unnatural deaths for the 19th Century.
Using Table 1.2 of A Concise History of World Population, 2d by Massimo Livi-Bacci, I determined that there were 8661 million deaths between 1750 and 1950. As the 19th Century covers the middle half of that, let's assume (for now) 4330 million deaths during the 1800s (as a very, very rough guess until I scrounge better numbers.). Forty million unnatural deaths would be 0.9% of those (or 1 out of every 108), considerably less than the percentage for the 20th Century. Counting the famines would bring the percentage to 2% or 1 out of 51.

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List of Recurring Sources


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Last updated January 2003

Copyright ? 1999-2003 Matthew White