Global Warming: News, Facts, Causes & Effects

[Boats]

Global Warming: News, Facts, Causes & Effects
RE: http://www.livescience.com/topics/global-warming


Global warming is the term used to describe a gradual increase in the average temperature of the Earth's atmosphere and its oceans, a change that is believed to be permanently changing the Earth’s climate. There is great debate among many people, and sometimes in the news, on whether global warming is real (some call it a hoax). But climate scientists looking at the data and facts agree the planet is warming. While many view the effects of global warming to be more substantial and more rapidly occurring than others do, the scientific consensus on climatic changes related to global warming is that the average temperature of the Earth has risen between 0.4 and 0.8 °C over the past 100 years. The increased volumes of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases released by the burning of fossil fuels, land clearing, agriculture, and other human activities, are believed to be the primary sources of the global warming that has occurred over the past 50 years. Scientists from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate carrying out global warming research have recently predicted that average global temperatures could increase between 1.4 and 5.8 °C by the year 2100. Changes resulting from global warming may include rising sea levels due to the melting of the polar ice caps, as well as an increase in occurrence and severity of storms and other severe weather events.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5 Deadly Diseases Emerging from Global Warming
By Stephanie Pappas, Live Science Contributor | August 3, 2016
RE: http://www.livescience.com/55632-dea...l-warming.html

As the globe warms, scientists warn about melting ice caps, rising sea levels and odd, extreme weather. But there's another threat that may already be emerging: New (and old) diseases spreading in places once thought safe.

Melting permafrost may release "zombie pathogens" that have been frozen in ice for centuries, while warming temperatures will allow disease-spreading insects to roam far and wide. Threats now confined to the tropics will likely become problems at higher latitudes. Here are a few of the diseases that could thrive in a warming

Anthrax, revived

In late July 2016, an outbreak of anthrax ripped through reindeer herds in Siberia, killing more than 2,000. A handful of people also fell ill. The culprit, according to local officials? A reindeer carcass from 75 years ago, which had remained locked in permafrost until bizarrely warm summer temperatures thawed the frozen soil and the corpse inside.

Anthrax is notoriously hardy. Its infectious spore form is surrounded by a protein shell that can keep it safe in suspended animation for centuries in soil, George Stewart, a medical bacteriologist at the University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, told Live Science. Researchers have warned for years that burial grounds of anthrax-stricken cattle and reindeer in Siberia are ripe for triggering new epidemics, should the Siberian soil melt.

Zika shifts

Zika, a virus that typically causes no symptoms or mild fever and rash in adults, can be devastating when it infects pregnant women, causing miscarriage and microcephaly in fetuses. The main vector for Zika is the Aedes aegypti mosquito, which also carries dengue and chikungunya fevers.

A. aegypti is an urban dweller that bites in the daytime and can breed in a bottle-cap's worth of rainwater, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The mosquito is currently mostly found in the tropics, particularly in South and Central America, Southeast Asia and parts of Africa; in the United States, it's restricted to the southeastern states.

In a warming world, the distribution of these disease-carriers may spread. A 2014 paper in the journal Geospatial Health suggested that some tropical regions may become less welcoming to A. aegypti, while current safe places like inland Australia, southern Iran, the Arabian Peninsula and more areas of North America will become more mosquito-friendly.

There is reason to think that the spread of A. aegypti won't cause epidemics of dengue and other diseases in temperate climates because many developed countries have mosquito controls in place, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Even factors as simple as window screens can halt epidemics. On the other hand, regions where global warming will cause drought might see an increase in A. aegypti mosquitoes if people start collecting rainwater for use around the yard, according to the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research. Water collection containers can be fertile breeding grounds for these mosquitoes.

Zombie diseases

But anthrax isn't the only pathogen potentially biding its time in the permafrost. In 2015, researchers announced that a giant virus they'd discovered in the Siberian permafrost was still infectious — after 30,000 years. Fortunately, that virus infects only amoebas and isn't dangerous to humans, but its existence raised concerns that deadlier pathogens such as smallpox, or unknown viruses thought extinct, might be lurking in permafrost.

Human activities such as oil drilling and mining in formerly frozen Siberia could disturb microbes that have been dormant for millennia.

Tick-borne illness expands

Like mosquitoes, ticks will probably find new habitat as the climate warms — and they'll bring their diseases with them as they move. One emerging example is babesiosis, a tick-borne illness caused by the parasite Babesia microti. This disease is primarily found in the Northeast and the upper Midwest in the United States, and infections occur mainly in the summer, when ticks (and people) are most active. Longer, warmer summers could mean more people have the opportunity to come down with babesiosis, according to a 2014 paper in the journal Infectious Disease Clinics of North America.

Lyme disease, likewise, could spread into new areas as its tick vector moves northward. A 2008 article in the journal Ecohealth found that Ixodes scapularis, the main tick vector of Lyme disease, will have 213 percent more habitat in Canada in the 2080s, assuming climate change continues along its current trajectory. The ticks will likely move out of the southern United States and become more plentiful in the central part of the country, the researchers concluded.

Cholera on the rise

The deadly diarrheal disease cholera spreads through contaminated water. In a warming future, research suggests, cholera outbreaks could increase.

A study presented in 2014 at the annual meeting of the American Geophysical Union found that increased heat and flooding caused by climate change could mean more cholera in areas already plagued by poor sanitation. Flooding can spread contaminated water far and wide, the researchers reported, while conditions of drought can concentrate lots of cholera bacteria (Vibrio cholera) in small volumes of water. At either extreme, it's a lose-lose scenario for public health.

"I would put cholera highest on my list to worry about with respect to climate change," David Morens, senior scientific adviser at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, told Think Progress in 2015. "Cholera likes warm weather, so the warmer the Earth gets and the warmer the water gets, the more it's going to like it. Climate change will likely make cholera much worse."

Stephanie Pappas, Live Science Contributor
Stephanie interned as a science writer at Stanford University Medical School, and also interned at ScienceNow magazine and the Santa Cruz Sentinel. She has a bachelor's degree in psychology from the University of South Carolina and a graduate certificate in science writing from the University of California, Santa Cruz.